PAPER
COMPOUND AND
PHRASAL WORDS
Lecturer : Noor
Malihah, Ph.D.
Arranged by :
1.
Dwi
Oktaviana 113-13-
2.
Toyi
Ambarwati 113-13-057
3.
Kingking
Meita P 113-13-087
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FACULTY
INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES SALATIGA
Tentara Pelajar Street No.2 Salatiga
INTRODUCTION
There are components of
language that are interrelated, such as : phonology, porphology, syntax, and
semantic. Morphology is a branch of linguistics which investigates the word
formation of language. There are various processes of word formation, for
instances: conversation, clipping, blending, backformation, compounding,
affixation, and reduplication.
Compounding is one of word
formation processes which is very interesting and it can creates new word whose
new meaning. Compound words are formed when two or more words are
put together to form a new word with a new meaning. It different with phrasal
words. Phrasal words are mainly used in
spoken English and informal texts. They consists of a verb + a particle ( preposition
or adverb ).
1.
Compound Word
Compound words are formed when two or more words are put together to form
a new word with a new meaning. They can function as different parts of speech,
which can dictate what form the compound takes on. For example, the word carry
over is an open compound word when it’s used as a verb but it is closed
when used as a noun and an a adjective.
This surplus will carry over to next season.
The extra supplies were part of the carryover from the
budget.
Compound words are so prevalent in the English language we don’t
think much about them – until it’s time to write them. Then we often have to
stop and think about how they’re put together.
A. Types of Compound Words
Compound words fall within three
categories and it’s not unusual to find the same word in more than one group.
Here are the three types of compound words with an explanation and examples of
each:
a. Closed compound words are formed when two unique words
are joined together. They don’t have a space between them and they are the type
that generally comes to mind when we think of compound words.
For example in words :
Cannot fireworks
Everything together
Earthquake sometimes
Baseball skateboard
For example in sentences :
-
I
love the fireworks on the fourth of July.
-
Make
sure you hold hands when you come to the crosswalk.
-
Did
you hear amount the terrible earthquake?
-
The
fireflies buzzed in the night sky.
b. Open compound words have a space between the words but
when they are read together a new meaning is formed:
For example in words :
Ice cream post office
Half day full moon
For example in sentence :
-
Ice
cream is my favorite dessert.
-
There
must be a full moon out tonight.
c. Hyphenated compound words are connected by a hyphen.
To avoid confusion, modifying
compounds are often hyphenated, especially when they precede a noun such as in
the case of part-time teacher, high-speed chase, and fifty-yard dash. When they
come after the noun they are open compounds: a chase that is high speed, a
teacher that is part time, etc.
Comparative and superlative
adjectives are hyphenated when they are compounded with other modifiers: the
highest-priced computer, the lower-priced car.
Adverbs that end in –ly and compounded with another modifier are not modified: a highly
rated restaurant, a publicly held meeting.
Here
are more examples of hyphenated compound words.
Mother-in-law Daughter-in-law
For example in sentences :
-
My
mother-in-law is coming for a visit.
-
Incorrect :
He is a well respected man.
Correct :
He is a well-respected man.
( A compound modifier before
the noun )
-
Incorrect :
That man is well-respected.
Correct :
That man is well respected.
( The modifier follows the noun, no hypen )
-
Incorrect :
That was a badly-punctuated sentence.
Correct :
That was a badly punctuated sentence
(
Modifier ends in –ly, no hypen )
-
Incorrect: The South-American rain forest is
home to hundreds of species of hummingbirds.
Correct:
The South American rain forest is home
to hundreds of species of hummingbirds.
(Modifier is proper, no hyphen.)
(Modifier is proper, no hyphen.)
There
are many ways to formed compound words, they are:
a. Compound verb
There are many patterns to
formed a compound verb
·
v + v
→ freeze-dry
·
n + v
→ hand-wash, air-conditioner
·
adj + v
→ dry-clean
·
prep + v → underestimate, overcook
·
adv + v → upgrade
b. Compound adjective
·
N + adj → smoke-free
·
Adj
+ adj → dark-blue, red-hot
·
Prep + Adj →
c. Compound Nouns
·
V + n → pick-pocket
·
N +
n → love-story, life-style, jet-plane,
traffic-light
·
Adj + n
→ deep-sea, long-life
·
Prep + n →
2.
Phrasal
Words
Phrasal words are mainly used in
spoken English and informal texts. They consists of a verb + a particle (
preposition or adverb ). The particle can change the meaning of the verb
completely.
For examples :
break down (get upset) → The woman broke down
when the police told her that her son had died.
look for (seek) → She look for the
ring in the toilet.
check in (arrive and register at
hotel or airport) → We
will get the hotel keys when we check in.
Position of
particle
The particle is placed either after
the verbs or after the object.
For examples:
break down The
woman broke down when the police told her that her son had
died.
break something down Our teacher broke
the final project down into three separate parts.
If the object is pronoun, however,
the particle has to be placed after the pronoun (object).
Example : Broke it down.
CONCLUSION
1. The similarities of compound and
phrasal words are:
·
composed
of two free forms
·
formed
a new meaning
2. The differences of compound and
phrasal word are:
a.
Structural,
compound words may be single words, hyphenated or separate
words whereas phrasal words often separated word with space. No hyphen.
b.
Ways
of forming,
c.
compound
words have three pattern. Whereas phrasal
words only one pattern:
·
Compound verbs: - Verb + Preposition and Verb + Adverb VV, NV, AV, PV
·
Compound
adjectives:
NA, AA, PA
·
Compound
nouns:
VN, NN, AN, PN
d.
Meaning,
Compound words
Whereas
Phrasal words
REFERENCES
Carstairs-McCarthy, A.
(2002).An introduction to English morphology:Words and their structure.
Edinburgh University Press.
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